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It is also possible to induce lactation without pregnancy. Oxytocin is necessary for the milk ejection reflex, or let-down, in response to suckling, to occur. After birth, oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle layer of band-like cells surrounding the alveoli to squeeze the newly produced milk into the duct system. Oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle of the uterus during and after birth, and during orgasm(s).Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are very important galactopoietic hormones whose levels are naturally increased during pregnancy.Glucocorticoids play a complex regulating role in the maintenance of tight junctions. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids such as cortisol have an important lactation inducing function in several animal species, including humans.Growth hormone (GH) is structurally very similar to prolactin and independently contributes to its galactopoiesis.Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), through control of estrogen and progesterone production, and also, by extension, prolactin and growth hormone production, are essential.This hormone is closely associated with prolactin and appears to be instrumental in breast, nipple, and areola growth before birth. Human placental lactogen (HPL) – from the second month of pregnancy, the placenta releases large amounts of HPL.During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
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High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. Prolactin contributes to the increased growth and differentiation of the alveoli, and also influences differentiation of ductal structures.Breastfeeding mothers should avoid estrogen-based birth control methods, as a spike in estrogen levels may reduce a mother's milk supply. Estrogen levels also drop at delivery and remain low for the first several months of breastfeeding. Like progesterone, high levels of estrogen also inhibit lactation. Estrogen stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate.Progesterone levels drop after birth this triggers the onset of copious milk production. Progesterone influences the growth in size of alveoli and lobes high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth.See also: Breastfeeding Hormonal influences įrom the eighteenth week of pregnancy (the second and third trimesters), a woman's body produces hormones that stimulate the growth of the milk duct system in the breasts: In almost all mammals, lactation induces a period of infertility (in humans, lactational amenorrhea), which serves to provide the optimal birth spacing for survival of the offspring. The costly investment of energy and resources into milk is outweighed by the benefit to offspring survival.
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Due to lactation, the mother-young pair can survive even if food is scarce or too hard for the young to attain, expanding the environmental conditions the species can withstand. The chief function of a lactation is to provide nutrition and immune protection to the young after birth.